(Cedric) Raura™ Varicose Veins Cream

(Cedric) Raura™ Varicose Veins Cream

 (178 Reviews)

check_circle Rapid Results In Days

check_circle Addresses Root Cause For Lasting Results

check_circle Powerful Herbal Blend With Proven Efficacy

$19.97
$19.97 $27.97
SAVE 28% Sold out

BUNDLE & SAVE

Pay with
(Cedric) Raura™ Varicose Veins Cream

(Cedric) Raura™ Varicose Veins Cream

 (178 Reviews)
$19.97
$19.97 $27.97
SAVE 28% Sold out

Got Vericose Veins? Do not worry!


Raura™ is here to help! Raura™ is not an ordinary Vericose Veins cream. Raura™ brings such rapid removal of Vericose Veins that users and experts are left equally amazed. Raura™ is a 100% safe, natural and organic cream with active ingredients backed by an incredible 200+ clinical studies. In addition, results from Raura™ are backed by a solid 90 day money back guarantee.

Rediscover The Beauty of Your Vein Free Legs!

Why This Is A Must Have? Here's Why?

"Pregnancy left me with stubborn varicose veins that just wouldn't go away. I needed a reliable solution that wouldn't interfere with my busy mom schedule. Raura™ Varicose Veins Treatment Cream fit the bill perfectly! It's safe, gentle, and easy to apply. I've noticed a significant reduction in the appearance of my veins, giving me the confidence to tackle motherhood with beautiful legs!" - Emily S., 41, Nashville, TN - 

"Before discovering Raura™ Varicose Veins Treatment Cream, I had tried various concealers and compression stockings to hide my veins. But I wanted a long-term solution. With regular use of this cream, the visibility of my veins has significantly decreased, and my legs look smooth and even-toned. It's a total game-changer!" - Stephanie M., 48, Charlotte, NC -


10 Things That Make Raura™ The Best Choice For Vericose Veins

Here are 10 things that make Raura™ the number one choice for Vericose Veins all over the world:

Results Within Days

Unlike ordinary Vericose Veins products, you won't have to wait weeks or months before seeing your first results. With Raura™ you will see your Vericose Veins remarkably improve within just three days of first use and more complete results within just two weeks.


Natural Ingredients

Raura™ contains a powerful combination of active herbal ingredients known from thousands of years of traditional herbal medicine to bring you 100% natural relief.


Backed By Science

Raura™ only uses ingredients that, in addition to traditional evidence, are further verified by multiple clinical studies for their safety and effectiveness.

Certified Organic

The active herbal ingredients of Raura™ are gently hand blended in a natural cream base that is free of harmful chemicals or parabens.

Penetrates Deep

Unlike other products that are unable to reach deep, thanks to its special base, Raura™ instantly penetrates the skin to heal your Vericose Veins from the inside out.

No Side Effects

Raura™ is a natural product and has no reported side effects to date. This is in complete contrast to other products that are non-organic and contain harmful chemicals.

Feels & Smells Great

Raura™ is non-greasy and smells so nice that you will be pleasantly surprised.

For All Severities of Vericose Veins

Raura™ is formulated to bring relief to even the most severe Vericose Veins symptoms with ease. It is the strongest formula available without the need of any prescription.


Suitable For Everyone

Raura™ is suitable for use on all skin types of all colors, genders and ages. You can safely use Raura™ on children just like for adults.

The story of Raura™

An ancient wonder provenby science

Since ancient times humans have used countless herbs for healing. Out of all these thousands of herbs, through a long process of trial and error, some proved highly effective in the improvement of various skin conditions. Among these were herbs that proved remarkably effective in fixing skin problems related to Vericose Veins. Raura™ consists of such herbs blended together in a specific and optimal proportion to maximize effectiveness. Raura™ is backed by an astonishing number of scientific research studies conducted on the dermatological effectiveness of its remarkable plant ingredients that have passed the difficult test of time with the highest grades.

Also coming soon at...



Inside Raura™.


Raura™ contains a high concentration of active natural ingredients gently hand blended in a super absorbent certified organic base to fight Vericose Veins at record speed.


Commonly known as mandukparni or Indian pennywort or jalbrahmi, it has been used as a medicine in the Ayurvedic tradition of India for thousands of years and listed in the historic ‘Sushruta Samhita’, an ancient Indian medical text. The herb is also used by the people of Java and other Indonesian islands. In China, Gotu Kola is one of the reported “miracle elixirs of life” known over 2000 years ago


Aloe Vera is one of the oldest medicinal plants in history. According to Hindu legend it came from the Garden of Paradise. For centuries it has amazed people with its wide range of healing powers and known as the ‘holy herb’. Alexander the Great, upon the advice of Aristotle, conquered the island of Socotra, off the coast of Africa, just to secure supplies of Aloe Vera.


Native to Australia, Tea Tree has been used in traditional Aboriginal medicine for centuries. More recently, during WWII, Australian soldiers would carry tea tree oil in their first aid kits to treat their wounds. It was so popular during that time that anyone who was in the business of producing Tea Tree oil was exempt from the drafts so they were free to keep producing Tea Tree .


Neem is native to the Indian subcontinent and to dry areas throughout South Asia. The plant has been used in the traditional medicine of India for centuries. Most of the parts of the plant such as fruits, seeds, leaves, bark and roots contain compounds with proven antiseptic, antiviral, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antifungal properties. Its significance as a healing plantis simply immense.


Cedarwood has been used by various cultures, such as Native American and Tibetan communities, to address ailments. In Ancient Egypt, Cedarwood’s antimicrobial and insecticidal properties made it valuable for use in mummifying procedures. In these and other societies, Cedarwood was also used to relax the body and mind, making it ideal for religious ceremonies and spiritual practices.


Grapeseed oil comes from the pressed seeds of grapes. The oil is a by-product of the process of making wine. It’s known for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These properties, along with the high amounts of omega chain fatty acids and vitamin E contained in grapeseed oil, make it a powerful topical treatment for skin.

Raura™ Is Special

5 Facts About The Making Of Raura™

  • We use glycerin to extract the active content from our herbs. Commercial products use alcohol as it gives a longer shelf life even though it damages the effectiveness of the herbs.
  • We don't use stem or root extracts of herbs where only a leaf extract will do. Commercial products use whole plant extracts to keep costs low.
  • We don't use synthetics or chemicals but only organics to formulate our cream. Commercial products mix their active herbs in chemical ridden bases to lower costs.
  • We don't use machines but only gentle hand blending. This preserves effectiveness by not damaging the inherent structure of the herbs.
  • We don't rely on guesswork but only use high concentrations of proven ingredients.

Join the change.

Redefining healthcare

Support the movement for natural products by only buying products that:
  • Have established traditional evidence.
  • Are validated by scientific research.
  • Use organic ingredients.
  • Use only relevant ingredients
  • Are responsibly made.
 
Raura™ is gently blended by hand in Scotland, United Kingdom, using the finest organic ingredients.
Buy Raura™ today and experience the difference by getting rapid and natural relief for your Vericose Veins!

Raving Reviews From Satisfied Customers

"Raura™ Varicose Veins Treatment Cream is a game-changer! I used it to reduce the appearance of my veins, and boy, did it deliver! Now I can confidently rock my shorts without worrying. The best part? It's so hydrating and lightweight, and it even relieved my leg fatigue. Love it!" - Aliyah., 35 -

"I've finally found my secret weapon against varicose veins with Raura™! This cream made my spider veins disappear, and my legs feel rejuvenated. I used it for its quick results and safe formula. Now I'm ready to show off my beautiful, healthier-looking legs!" - Sandra., 53 -

"Raura™ Varicose Veins Treatment Cream is a true lifesaver! As a nurse, I needed something effective and safe. This cream visibly improved my veins and provided instant relief from leg fatigue. It's now my go-to solution for confident, comfortable legs. Highly recommend it!" - Jessica., 38 -

"Raura™ is my go-to for flawless legs! This cream not only minimized my varicose veins but also improved my skin tone. It's so easy to apply and absorbs quickly. I love the soothing sensation it gives, relieving my leg stress. Trust me, it's a must-have!" - Maureen., 42 - 

Scientific Research References

Following is a non-exhaustive list of clinical research behind the active herbal ingredients of Raura™. The research is cited here as a reference only and is not meant to constitue a subsitute for professional medical advice.

An astonishing 200+ clinical studies!

  1. Coldren CD, Hashim P, Ali JM, Oh SK, Sinskey AJ, Rha C.  Planta Med 2003, 69:725-32
  2. Distante F, Scalise F, Ronaz C, Bonfigli A, Fluhry JW, Berardesca E.  International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2002, 24:81-7
  3. Haftek M, Mac Mary S, Bitoux MA, Creidi P, Seite S, Rougier A et al.  Exp Dermatol 2008, 17:946-52
  4. Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D.  Planta Med 2006, 72:324-8
  5. Ryu JS, Park SG, Kwak TJ, Chang MY, Park ME, Choi KH, Sung KH, Shin HJ, Lee CK, Kang YS, Yoon MS, Rang MJ, Kim SJ. Skin Res Technol 2005, 11:157-64
  6. Ahshawat MS, Saraf S. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008, 30:183-93
  7. Maquart FX, Bellon G, Giller P, Randoux A, Borel JP. Sem Hop Paris 1989, 65:1571-4
  8. Abdul Hamid A, Shah ZM, Muse R, Mohamed S. Urban Food Chem 2002, 77:465-9
  9. Gnanapragasam A, Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Govindaraju P, Devaki T. Life Sci 2004, 76:585-97
  10. Jayashree G, Kurup Muraleedhara G, Sudarslal S, Jacob VB. Fitoterapia 2003, 74:431-4
  11. Subathra M, Shila S, Devi MA, Panneerselvam C. Exp Gerontol 2005, 40:707-15
  12. Zainol MK, Abd-Hamid A, Yusof S, Muse R. Urban. Food Chemistry 2003, 81:575-81
  13. Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Samukawa K, Satake N, Sakanaka M. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 584:415-23
  14. Liu M, Dai Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Huang F, Gong Z, Meng Q. Planta Med 2008, 74:809-15
  15. Mallol J, Belda MA, Costa D, Noval A, Sola M. Int J Cosm Sci 1991, 13:51-7
  16. Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. J Ethnopharmacol 1999, 65:1-11
  17. Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Indian J Exp Biol 1996, 34:1208-11
  18. Wolfram S. Wien Med Wochenschr 1965, 115: 439-42
  19. Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D. Planta Med 2006, 72:324-8
  20. Maquart FX, Bellon G, Giller P, Randoux A, Borel JP. Sem Hop Paris 1989, 65:1571-4
  21. Lu L. et al. (2004). Int J Dermatol. 801-7.
  22. Chen YJ, Dai YS, Chen BF, Chang A, Chen HC, Lin YC et al. Biol Pharm Bull 1999, 22:703-6
  23. Hausen BM. Contact Dermatitis 1993, 29:175-79
  24. Klövekorn W, Tepe A, Danesch U. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007, 45(11):583-91.
  25. Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Zuraini A, Samsuddin L, Sonchit N, Israf DA, Moin S. Indian J Pharmacol 2004, 6:377-80
  26. Natarajan S, Paily PP. Ind J Dermatol 1973, 18(4):82-5
  27. Sampson JH, Raman A, Karlsen G, et al. Phytomedicine. 2001;8:230–5
  28. Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Zuraini A, Samsuddin L, Sonchit N, Israf DA, Moin S. Indian J Pharmacol 2004, 6:377-80
    De Sanctis MT, Belcaro G, Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):55-9
  29. Guseva G, Stravoitova MN, Mach ES. Ter Arkh. 1998;70:58–61.
  30. Allegra C, Pollari G, Criscuolo A, Bonifacio M, Tabassi D. Clin Ter 1981, 99(5):507-13 [Italian]
  31. Arpaia MR, Ferrone R, Amitrano M, Nappo C, Leonardo G, del Guercio R. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1990, 10:229-33
  32. Belcaro GV, Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Angiology 1990, 41(7):533-40
  33. Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. Minerva Cardioangiol 2001, 49(2):159-63 [Italian]
  34. Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. Minerva Cardioangiol 2001, 49(2):159-63 [Italian]
  35. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Cacchio M, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Dugall M, Buccella S, Kleyweght S, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):15-18
  36. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rulo A, Griffin M, Ricci A, Ippolito E, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Bavera P, Cacchio M, Bucci M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):45-8
  37. Cesarone MR, Laurora G, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Grimaldi R, Marelli C, Belcaro G. Minerva Cardioangiol 1994, 42(6):299-304 [Italian]
  38. Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Cacchio M, De Sanctis MT, Santavenere C, D’Auro MG, Bucci M, Belcaro G. Angiology 2001a, 52(2):9-13
  39. Incandela L, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001b, 52(2):61-7
  40. Incandela L, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Corsi M, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Sabetai M, Ramaswami G, Veller M. Angiology 2001c, 52(2):69-73
  41. Marastoni F, Baldo A, Redaelli G, Ghiringhelli L. Minerva Cardioangiol 1982, 30(4):201-7 [Italian]
  42. Martinez MJ, Bonfill X, Moreno RM, Vargas E, Capellà D. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 20(3):CD003229
  43. Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Ledevehat C, Joubert M. Angiology 1987, 38(1):46-50
  44. Wollina U, Abdel-Naser MB, Mani R. 2006, 5:169-80
  45. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007.  12:1, 69-72. 
  46. Asakawa Y, Matsuda R, Takemoto T. Phytochemistry 1982, 21:2590-2
  47. Barnes J, Anderson LA and Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines. 3rd ed. Pharmaceutical press, London 2007, 371-73
  48. Basset A. A new Acquisition in Dermatology – the fatty gauze Madécassol. La Vie Medicale 1978, 2-4
  49. Bhandari P, Kumar N, Gupta AP, Singh B, Kaul VK. J Sep Sci 2007, 30:2092-6
  50. Brinkhaus B, Linder M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG.  Phytomedicine 2000, 7:427-48
  51. British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal Medicine Association. Exeter 1983, 56-7
  52. Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C. I. Indian J Exp Biol 1968, 6:232-47.
  53. EMEA. The Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products.  EMEA/MRL/494 September 1998
  54. ESCOP Monographs 2nd ed. Supplement 2009. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, editor. Thieme, Stuttgart 2009
  55. Inamdar PK, Yeole RD, Ghogare AB, de Souza NJ. J Chrom A 1996, 742:127-30
  56. Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.). Herbs Spices Med Plants 1988, 3:145-73
  57. Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S, Gurumadhva Rao S. Centella asiatica (L.) Evid Based Compl Alter Med 2006, 3:349-57
  58. Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Hanley & Belfus inc. Medical Publishers, Philadelphia 2001, 227-30
  59. Sahu NP, Subodh KR, Mahato SB. Phytochemistry 1989, 28: 2852-54.
  60. Sathya B, Uthaya Ganga R. 2007. Available at: http://openmed.nic.in
  61. Subban R, Veerakumar A, Manimaran R, Hashim KM, Balachandran I. J Nat Med 2008, 62:369-73
  62. Tiwari KN, Sharma NC, Tiwari V, Singh BD. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 2000, 63:179-85
  63. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. World Health Organization, Geneva 1999
  64. Williamson EM. Potter’s Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The C.W. Daniel Company Ltd, Essex, England 2003, 229-30
  65. A. vera extract. Full Study: Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP.  J Tradit Complement Med. 2015;5(1):21-6.
  66. Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1(4):505-9.
  67. Vardy DA, Cohen AD, Tchetov T, Medvedovsky E, Biton A. J Dermatological Treatment. 1999;10(1):7-11.
  68. Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. J Med Association Thailand. 1995;78(8):403-9.
  69. Grindlay D, Reynolds T.  J Ethnopharmacol. 1986; 16(2–3): 117–51.
  70. Little JW. Complementary and alternative medicine: impact on dentistry.  2004; 98: 137–45. 
  71. Morton JF. Econ Bot. 1961; 15: 311–19.
  72. Ahlawat KS, Khatkar BS. 2011; 48: 525–33. 
  73. Hamman JH. Molecules. 2008; 13: 1599–616.
  74. Gupta VK, Malhotra S.  Ayu. 2012; 33(2): 193–6. 
  75. Ghaderi R, Afshar M, Akhbarie H, Golalipour MJ. Int J Morphol. 2010; 28(1): 193–198.
  76. Blanks T. Mind, Body, and Soul: Body Shop Book of Wellbeing. Ebury Press. London, 1998.
  77. Reynolds T, Dweck AC.  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 68: 3–37. 
  78. Boudreau MD, Beland FA.  Rev. 2006; 24(1): 103–54. 
  79. Molazem Z, Mohseni F, Younesi M, Keshavarzi S. Glob J Health Sci. 2014; 7(1): 203–9. 
  80. Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F.  J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005; 19(3): 326–31. 
  81. Panahi Y, Sharif MR, Sharif A, Beiraghdar F, Zahiri Z, Amirchoopani G, et al.  Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012: 810234. 
  82. Reuter J, Jocher A, Stump J, Grossjohann B, Franke G, Schempp CM. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008; 21(2): 106–110. 
  83. Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. J Dermatol. 2000; 27: 576–82. 
  84. Rajar UD, Majeed R, Parveen N, Sheikh I, Sushel C. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008; 18(10): 612–4. 
  85. Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, Habara N, Nomaquchi K, Yamada M, et al. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006; 29(7): 1418–22. 
  86. Tanaka M, Misawa E, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Ishizaki C. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015; 8: 95–104.
  87. West DP, Zhu YF.  Am J Infect Control. 2003; 31(1): 40–2.
  88. Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Arch Dermatol. 2002; 138(11): 1462–70. 
  89. Cho S, Lee S, Lee MJ, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, et al.  Ann Dermatol. 2009; 21(1): 6–11. 
  90. Tatakis DN, Kumar PS.  Dent Clin North Am. 2005; 49(3): 491–516. 
  91. Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Indian J Dermatol. 2015; 60(3): 222–229. 
  92. Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Zhou X, Walsh LJ, Bigby M. Clin Dermatol. 2000; 18: 533–9. 
  93. Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P.  Br J Dermatol. 2008; 158(3): 573–7. 
  94. Salazar-Sánchez N, López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Sánchez-Siles M.  2010; 39(10): 735–40. 
  95. Altenburg A, Zouboulis CC. Skin Therapy Lett. 2008; 13(7): 1–4.
  96. Babaee N, Zabihi E, Mohseni S, Moghadamnia AA. Dent Res J. 2012; 9(4): 381–5.
  97. Vangipuram S, Jha A, Bhashyam M. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016; 8(4): e442-e447.
  98. de Oliveira SM, Torres TC, Pereira SL, Mota OM, Carlos MX. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008; 16(4): 293–6. 
  99. Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012; 16(4): 543–8.
  100. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007; 36(10): 575–80. 
  101. Sudarshan R, Annigeri RG, SreeVijayabala G.  J Oral Pathol Med. 2012; 41(10): 755–61. 
  102. Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003; 14(4): 275–91. 
  103. López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Molino-Pagan D. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013; 42(4): 295–301. 
  104. Saha L. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(22): 6759–73. 
  105. Davis K, Philpott S, Kumar D, Mendall M.  Int J Clin Pract. 2006; 60(9): 1080–6. 
  106. Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, Holt H, Tsironi E, De Silva A, et al.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 19(7): 739–47. 
  107. Ryan JL. J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132(3): 985–93. 
  108. Haddad P, Amouzgar-Hashemi F, Samsami S, Chinichian S, Oghabian MA. Curr Oncol. 2013; 20(4): e345–8. 
  109. Puataweepong P, Dhanachai M, Dangprasert S, Sithatani C, Sawangsilp T, NarkwongL, et al. Asian Biomed. 2009; 3(4): 375–82.
  110. Merchant TE, Bosley C, Smith J, Baratti P, Pritchard D, Davis T, et al. Radiat Oncol. 2007; 2: 45. 
  111. Mansouri P, Haghighi M, Beheshtipour N, Ramzi M.  Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016; 4(2): 119–26.
  112. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H.  Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5): 1047–53. 
  113. Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Bunyapraphatsara N, Chokechaijaroenporn O. Phytomedicine. 1996; 3(3): 241–3. 
  114. Yagi A, Hegazy S, Kabbash A, Wahab EA.  Saudi Pharm J. 2009; 17(3): 209–15. 
  115. Tanzer JM, Livingston J, Thompson AM.  J Dent Educ. 2001; 65(10): 1028–37.
  116. Bhati N, Jaidka S, Somani R.  J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015; 5(5): 394–9.
  117. Prabhakkar AR, Karuna YM, Yavagal C, Deepak BM.  Contemp Clin Dent. 2015; 6(1): S24–31.
  118. Ånséhn, S. 1990.  Swed. J. Biol. Med. 2:5-8.
  119. Arweiler, N. B., N. Donos, L. Netuschil, E. Reich, and A. Sculean. 2000.  Clin. Oral Investig. 4:70-73.
  120. Aspres, N., and S. Freeman. 2003. Exogenous Dermatol. 2:258-261.
  121. Banes-Marshall, L., P. Cawley, and C. A. Phillips. 2001. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 58:139-145.
  122. Bassett, I. B., D. L. Pannowitz, and R. S. Barnetson. 1990.  Med. J. Aust. 153:455-458.
  123. Beylier, M. F. 1979.  Perfum. Flavourist 4:23-25.
  124. Biju, S. S., A. Ahuja, R. K. Khar, and R. Chaudhry. 2005.  Pharmazie 60:208-211.
  125. Bischoff, K., and F. Guale. 1998. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 10:208-210.
  126. Bishop, C. D. 1995.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 7:641-644.
  127. Blackwell, A. L. 1991. Lancet 337:300.
  128. Blackwell, R. 1991.  Br. J. Phytother. 2:26-30.
  129. Bourne, K. Z., N. Bourne, S. F. Reising, and L. R. Stanberry. 1999.  Antiviral Res. 42:219-226.
  130. Brand, C., M. A. Grimbaldeston, J. R. Gamble, J. Drew, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002.  Inflamm. Res. 51:236-244.
  131. Brand, C., S. L. Townley, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002. Inflamm. Res. 51:283-289.
  132. Buck, D. S., D. M. Nidorf, and J. G. Addino. 1994.  J. Fam. Pract. 38:601-605.
  133. Caelli, M., J. Porteous, C. F. Carson, R. Heller, and T. V. Riley. 2000. J. Hosp. Infect. 46:236-237.
  134. Caldefie-Chézet, F., M. Guerry, J. C. Chalchat, C. Fusillier, M. P. Vasson, and J. Guillot. 2004. Res. 38:805-811.
  135. Carson, C. F., L. Ashton, L. Dry, D. W. Smith, and T. V. Riley. 2001. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48:450-451.
  136. Carson, C. F., B. D. Cookson, H. D. Farrelly, and T. V. Riley. 1995.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 35:421-424.
  137. Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. 1995.  Microbios 82:181-185.
  138. Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. 1996. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:1177-1178.
  139. Carson, C. F., B. J. Mee, and T. V. Riley. 2002.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1914-1920. [PMC free article]
  140. Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1993. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 16:49-55.
  141. Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1995. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:264-269.
  142. Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1994.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19:24-25.
  143. Cassella, S., J. P. Cassella, and I. Smith. 2002.  Int. J. Aromather. 12:2-15.
  144. Chan, C. H., and K. W. Loudon. 1998.  J. Hosp. Infect. 39:244-245.
  145. Chand, S., I. Lusunzi, D. A. Veal, L. R. Williams, and P. Caruso. 1994. J. Antibiot. 47:1295-1304.
  146. Chao, S. C., D. G. Young, and C. J. Oberg. 2000.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 12:639-649.
  147. Christoph, F., P. M. Kaulfers, and E. Stahl-Biskup. 2000. Planta Med. 66:556-560.
  148. Christoph, F., P. M. Kaulfers, and E. Stahl-Biskup. 2001.  Planta Med. 67:768-771.
  149. Christoph, F., E. Stahl-Biskup, and P. M. Kaulfers. 2001.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 13:98-102.
  150. Cox, S. D., J. E. Gustafson, C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, Y. C. Liew, R. P. Hartland, H. C. Bell, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 1998.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:355-358.
  151. Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, H. C. Bell, J. E. Gustafson, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 2000. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:170-175.
  152. Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, J. E. Gustafson, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 2001.  Molecules 6:87-91.
  153. D’Auria, F. D., L. Laino, V. Strippoli, M. Tecca, G. Salvatore, L. Battinelli, and G. Mazzanti. 2001. J. Chemother. 13:377-383.
  154. Davis, A., J. O’Leary, A. Muthaiyan, M. Langevin, A. Delgado, A. Abalos, A. Fajardo, J. Marek, B. Wilkinson, and J. Gustafson. 2005. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:364-372. [PMC free article]
  155. De Groot, A. C., and J. W. Weyland. 1992.  Contact Dermatitis 27:279-280.
  156. Dryden, M. S., S. Dailly, and M. Crouch. 2004.  J. Hosp. Infect. 56:283-286.
  157. Elsom, G. K. F., and D. Hide. 1999.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:427-428.
  158. Ergin, A., and S. Arikan. 2002.  J. Chemother. 14:465-472.
  159. Feinblatt, H. M. 1960.  J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 52:32-34. [PMC free article]
  160. Griffin, S. G., S. G. Wyllie, J. L. Markham, and D. N. Leach. 1999. Flav. Fragr. J. 14:322-332.
  161. Groppo, F. C., J. C. Ramacciato, R. P. Simoes, F. M. Florio, and A. Sartoratto. 2002. Int. Dent. J. 52:433-437.
  162. Gustafson, J. E., S. D. Cox, Y. C. Liew, S. G. Wyllie, and J. R. Warmington. 2001. Pathology 33:211-215.
  163. Gustafson, J. E., Y. C. Liew, S. Chew, J. Markham, H. C. Bell, S. G. Wyllie, and J. R. Warmington. 1998. Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:194-198.
  164. Hada, T., S. Furuse, Y. Matsumoto, H. Hamashima, K. Masuda, K. Shiojima, T. Arai, and M. Sasatsu. 2001. Microbios 106(Suppl. 2):133-141.
  165. Hada, T., Y. Inoue, A. Shiraishi, and H. Hamashima. 2003. J. Microbiol. Methods 53:309-312.
  166. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2003.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:853-860.
  167. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2004.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53:1081-1085.
  168. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2000.   Chemother. 44:467-469. [PMC free article]
  169. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2002.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:195-199.
  170. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1999.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:196. [PMC free article]
  171. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1999.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:446-452.
  172. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1998. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42:591-595.
  173. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2000.  Med. Mycol. 38:355-362.
  174. Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1996. Am. J. Infect. Control 24:186-189.
  175. Hammer, K. A., L. Dry, M. Johnson, E. M. Michalak, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2003. Immunol. 18:389-392.
  176. Hart, P. H., C. Brand, C. F. Carson, T. V. Riley, R. H. Prager, and J. J. Finlay-Jones. 2000.  Inflamm. Res. 49:619-626.
  177. Hausen, B. M., J. Reichling, and M. Harkenthal. 1999.  Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 10:68-77.
  178. Humphery, E. M. 1930.Med. J. Aust. 1:417-418.
  179. Inouye, S., T. Takizawa, and H. Yamaguchi. 2001. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47:565-573.
  180. Inouye, S., T. Tsuruoka, M. Watanabe, K. Takeo, M. Akao, Y. Nishiyama, and H. Yamaguchi. 2000. Mycoses 43:17-23.
  181. Inouye, S., K. Uchida, and H. Yamaguchi. 2001. Mycoses 44:99-107.
  182. Inouye, S., M. Watanabe, Y. Nishiyama, K. Takeo, M. Akao, and H. Yamaguchi. 1998.  Mycoses 41:403-410.
  183. Jackson, R. W., and J. A. DeMoss. 1965.  J. Bacteriol. 90:1420-1424. [PMC free article]
  184. Jandourek, A., J. K. Vaishampayan, and J. A. Vazquez. 1998. AIDS 12:1033-1037.
  185. Khalil, Z., A. L Pearce, N. Satkunanathan, E. Storer, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. Hart. 2004.  J. Investig. Dermatol. 123:683-690.
  186. Klimmek, J. K., R. Nowicki, K. Szendzielorz, M. Kunicka, R. Rosentrit, G. Honisz, and W. Krol. 2002.  Mikol. Lekarska 9:93-96.
  187. Knight, T. E., and B. M. Hausen. 1994.  J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30:423-427.
  188. Koh, K. J., A. L. Pearce, G. Marshman, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002. Br. J. Dermatol. 147:1212-1217.
  189. Low, D., B. D. Rawal, and W. J. Griffin. 1974.  Planta Med. 26:184-189.
  190. Maruzzella, J. C., and N. A. Sicurella. 1960. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 49:692-694.
  191. May, J., C. H. Chan, A. King, L. Williams, and G. L. French. 2000. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:639-643.
  192. Messager, S., K. A. Hammer, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2005. J. Hosp. Infect. 59:113-125.
  193. Messager, S., K. A. Hammer, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2005.  J. Hosp. Infect. 59:220-228.
  194. Minami, M., M. Kita, T. Nakaya, T. Yamamoto, H. Kuriyama, and J. Imanishi. 2003. Microbiol. Immunol. 47:681-684.
  195. Mondello, F., F. De Bernardis, A. Girolamo, G. Salvatore, and A. Cassone. 2003. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:1223-1229.
  196. Morris, M. C., A. Donoghue, J. A. Markowitz, and K. C. Osterhoudt. 2003.  Pediatr. Emerg. Care 19:169-171.
  197. Murtagh, J. G. 1999. vol. 9. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  198. Nelson, R. R. S. 2000.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:549-550.
  199. Nelson, R. R. S. 1997.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40:305-306.
  200. Nenoff, P., U.-F. Haustein, and W. Brandt. 1996. Skin Pharmacol. 9:388-394.
  201. Oliva, B., E. Piccirilli, T. Ceddia, E. Pontieri, P. Aureli, and A. Ferrini. 2003.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37:185-187.
  202. Pearce, A., J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2005.  Inflamm. Res. 54:22-30.
  203. Peña, E. F. 1962.  Obstet. Gynecol. 19:793-795.
  204. Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1925.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 59:346-349.
  205. Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1923.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 57:80-89.
  206. Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1924.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 58:117-123.
  207. Raman, A., U. Weir, and S. F. Bloomfield. 1995.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 21:242-245.
  208. Reichling, J., A. Weseler, U. Landvatter, and R. Saller. 2002. Acta Phytotherapeutica 1:26-32.
  209. Rushton, R. T., N. W. Davis, J. C. Page, and C. A. Durkin. 1997.Lower Extremity 4:113-116.
  210. Russell, M. 1999. Toxicology of tea tree oil, p. 191-201. In I. Southwell and R. Lowe (ed.), Tea tree: the genus Melaleuca, vol. 9. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  211. Satchell, A. C., A. Saurajen, C. Bell, and R. S. Barnetson. 2002. Australas. J. Dematol. 43:175-178.
  212. Schnitzler, P., K. Schön, and J. Reichling. 2001.  Pharmazie 56:343-347.
  213. Shapiro, S., A. Meier, and B. Guggenheim. 1994.  Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:202-208.
  214. Shemesh, A., and W. L. Mayo. 1991.  Aust. J. Pharm. 72:802-803.
  215. Sherry, E., H. Boeck, and P. H. Warnke. 2001.  Am. J. Infect. Control 29:346.
  216. Shin, S. 2003. B. Arch. Pharmacol. Res. 26:389-393.
  217. Soukoulis, S., and R. Hirsch. 2004.  Aust. Dent. J. 49:78-83.
  218. Southwell, I. A., A. J. Hayes, J. Markham, and D. N. Leach. 1993. Acta Hort. 344:256-265.
  219. Southwell, I. A., S. Freeman, and D. Rubel. 1997.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 9:47-52.
  220. Syed, T. A., Z. A. Qureshi, S. M. Ali, S. Ahmad, and S. A. Ahmad. 1999. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4:284-287.
  221. Takarada, K. 2005. Oral Dis. 11:115.
  222. Tong, M. M., P. M. Altman, and R. S. Barnetson. 1992.  Aust. J. Dermatol. 33:145-149.
  223. Uribe, S., J. Ramirez, and A. Peña. 1985.  J. Bacteriol. 161:1195-1200. [PMC free article]
  224. Vazquez, J. A., M. T. Arganoza, D. Boikov, J. K. Vaishampayan, and R. A. Akins. 2000. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 17:60-63.
  225. Vazquez, J. A., and A. A. Zawawi. 2002.  HIV Clin. Trials 3:379-385.
  226. Walker, M. 1972. Curr. Podiatry 1972:7-15.
  227. Walsh, L. J., and J. Longstaff. 1987. Periodontology 8:11-15.
  228. Warnke, P. H., E. Sherry, P. A. Russo, M. Sprengel, Y. Acil, J. P. Bredee, S. Schubert, J. Wiltfang, and I. Springer. 2005. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:1588-1589.
  229. Williams, L. R., V. N. Home, and I. Lusunzi. 1993. Cosmet. Aerosols Toiletries Aust. 7:25-34.

View full details
check_box

Clinical Studies

Coldren CD, Hashim P, Ali JM, Oh SK, Sinskey AJ, Rha C.  Planta Med 2003, 69:725-32

Distante F, Scalise F, Ronaz C, Bonfigli A, Fluhry JW, Berardesca E.  International Journal of Cosmetic Science 2002, 24:81-7

Haftek M, Mac Mary S, Bitoux MA, Creidi P, Seite S, Rougier A et al.  Exp Dermatol 2008, 17:946-52

Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D.  Planta Med 2006, 72:324-8

Ryu JS, Park SG, Kwak TJ, Chang MY, Park ME, Choi KH, Sung KH, Shin HJ, Lee CK, Kang YS, Yoon MS, Rang MJ, Kim SJ. Skin Res Technol 2005, 11:157-64

Ahshawat MS, Saraf S. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008, 30:183-93

Maquart FX, Bellon G, Giller P, Randoux A, Borel JP. Sem Hop Paris 1989, 65:1571-4

Abdul Hamid A, Shah ZM, Muse R, Mohamed S. Urban Food Chem 2002, 77:465-9

Gnanapragasam A, Ebenezar KK, Sathish V, Govindaraju P, Devaki T. Life Sci 2004, 76:585-97

Jayashree G, Kurup Muraleedhara G, Sudarslal S, Jacob VB. Fitoterapia 2003, 74:431-4

Subathra M, Shila S, Devi MA, Panneerselvam C. Exp Gerontol 2005, 40:707-15

Zainol MK, Abd-Hamid A, Yusof S, Muse R. Urban. Food Chemistry 2003, 81:575-81

Kimura Y, Sumiyoshi M, Samukawa K, Satake N, Sakanaka M. Eur J Pharmacol 2008, 584:415-23

Liu M, Dai Y, Li Y, Luo Y, Huang F, Gong Z, Meng Q. Planta Med 2008, 74:809-15

Mallol J, Belda MA, Costa D, Noval A, Sola M. Int J Cosm Sci 1991, 13:51-7

Shukla A, Rasik AM, Jain GK, Shankar R, Kulshrestha DK, Dhawan BN. J Ethnopharmacol 1999, 65:1-11

Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Indian J Exp Biol 1996, 34:1208-11

Wolfram S. Wien Med Wochenschr 1965, 115: 439-42

Lee J, Jung E, Kim Y, Park J, Park J, Hong S, Kim J, Hyun C, Kim YS, Park D. Planta Med 2006, 72:324-8

Maquart FX, Bellon G, Giller P, Randoux A, Borel JP. Sem Hop Paris 1989, 65:1571-4

Lu L. et al. (2004). Int J Dermatol. 801-7.

Chen YJ, Dai YS, Chen BF, Chang A, Chen HC, Lin YC et al. Biol Pharm Bull 1999, 22:703-6

Hausen BM. Contact Dermatitis 1993, 29:175-79

Klövekorn W, Tepe A, Danesch U. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007, 45(11):583-91.

Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Zuraini A, Samsuddin L, Sonchit N, Israf DA, Moin S. Indian J Pharmacol 2004, 6:377-80

Natarajan S, Paily PP. Ind J Dermatol 1973, 18(4):82-5

Sampson JH, Raman A, Karlsen G, et al. Phytomedicine. 2001;8:230–5

Somchit MN, Sulaiman MR, Zuraini A, Samsuddin L, Sonchit N, Israf DA, Moin S. Indian J Pharmacol 2004, 6:377-80
De Sanctis MT, Belcaro G, Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):55-9

Guseva G, Stravoitova MN, Mach ES. Ter Arkh. 1998;70:58–61.

Allegra C, Pollari G, Criscuolo A, Bonifacio M, Tabassi D. Clin Ter 1981, 99(5):507-13 [Italian]

Arpaia MR, Ferrone R, Amitrano M, Nappo C, Leonardo G, del Guercio R. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1990, 10:229-33

Belcaro GV, Grimaldi R, Guidi G. Angiology 1990, 41(7):533-40

Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. Minerva Cardioangiol 2001, 49(2):159-63 [Italian]

Cataldi A, Gasbarro V, Viaggi R, Soverini R, Gresta E, Mascoli F. Minerva Cardioangiol 2001, 49(2):159-63 [Italian]

Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Cacchio M, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Dugall M, Buccella S, Kleyweght S, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):15-18

Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rulo A, Griffin M, Ricci A, Ippolito E, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Bavera P, Cacchio M, Bucci M. Angiology 2001, 52(2):45-8

Cesarone MR, Laurora G, De Sanctis MT, Incandela L, Grimaldi R, Marelli C, Belcaro G. Minerva Cardioangiol 1994, 42(6):299-304 [Italian]

Incandela L, Cesarone MR, Cacchio M, De Sanctis MT, Santavenere C, D’Auro MG, Bucci M, Belcaro G. Angiology 2001a, 52(2):9-13

Incandela L, Belcaro G, De Sanctis MT, Cesarone MR, Griffin M, Ippolito E, Bucci M, Cacchio M. Angiology 2001b, 52(2):61-7

Incandela L, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Cesarone MR, De Sanctis MT, Corsi M, Bavera P, Ippolito E, Griffin M, Geroulakos G, Sabetai M, Ramaswami G, Veller M. Angiology 2001c, 52(2):69-73

Marastoni F, Baldo A, Redaelli G, Ghiringhelli L. Minerva Cardioangiol 1982, 30(4):201-7 [Italian]

Martinez MJ, Bonfill X, Moreno RM, Vargas E, Capellà D. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 20(3):CD003229

Pointel JP, Boccalon H, Cloarec M, Ledevehat C, Joubert M. Angiology 1987, 38(1):46-50

Wollina U, Abdel-Naser MB, Mani R. 2006, 5:169-80

Alternative Medicine Review. 2007.  12:1, 69-72. 

Asakawa Y, Matsuda R, Takemoto T. Phytochemistry 1982, 21:2590-2

Barnes J, Anderson LA and Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines. 3rd ed. Pharmaceutical press, London 2007, 371-73

Basset A. A new Acquisition in Dermatology – the fatty gauze Madécassol. La Vie Medicale 1978, 2-4

Bhandari P, Kumar N, Gupta AP, Singh B, Kaul VK. J Sep Sci 2007, 30:2092-6

Brinkhaus B, Linder M, Schuppan D, Hahn EG.  Phytomedicine 2000, 7:427-48

British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal Medicine Association. Exeter 1983, 56-7

Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN, Ray C. I. Indian J Exp Biol 1968, 6:232-47.

EMEA. The Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products.  EMEA/MRL/494 September 1998

ESCOP Monographs 2nd ed. Supplement 2009. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy, editor. Thieme, Stuttgart 2009

Inamdar PK, Yeole RD, Ghogare AB, de Souza NJ. J Chrom A 1996, 742:127-30

Kartnig T. Clinical applications of Centella asiatica (L.). Herbs Spices Med Plants 1988, 3:145-73

Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S, Gurumadhva Rao S. Centella asiatica (L.) Evid Based Compl Alter Med 2006, 3:349-57

Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Hanley & Belfus inc. Medical Publishers, Philadelphia 2001, 227-30

Sahu NP, Subodh KR, Mahato SB. Phytochemistry 1989, 28: 2852-54.

Sathya B, Uthaya Ganga R. 2007. Available at: http://openmed.nic.in

Subban R, Veerakumar A, Manimaran R, Hashim KM, Balachandran I. J Nat Med 2008, 62:369-73

Tiwari KN, Sharma NC, Tiwari V, Singh BD. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 2000, 63:179-85

WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. World Health Organization, Geneva 1999

Williamson EM. Potter’s Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations. The C.W. Daniel Company Ltd, Essex, England 2003, 229-30

A. vera extract. Full Study: Radha MH, Laxmipriya NP.  J Tradit Complement Med. 2015;5(1):21-6.

Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, Ahmad SA, Ahmad SH, Afzal M. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1(4):505-9.

Vardy DA, Cohen AD, Tchetov T, Medvedovsky E, Biton A. J Dermatological Treatment. 1999;10(1):7-11.

Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y, Sriurairatana S, Boonpucknavig V. J Med Association Thailand. 1995;78(8):403-9.

Grindlay D, Reynolds T.  J Ethnopharmacol. 1986; 16(2–3): 117–51.

Little JW. Complementary and alternative medicine: impact on dentistry.  2004; 98: 137–45. 

Morton JF. Econ Bot. 1961; 15: 311–19.

Ahlawat KS, Khatkar BS. 2011; 48: 525–33. 

Hamman JH. Molecules. 2008; 13: 1599–616.

Gupta VK, Malhotra S.  Ayu. 2012; 33(2): 193–6. 

Ghaderi R, Afshar M, Akhbarie H, Golalipour MJ. Int J Morphol. 2010; 28(1): 193–198.

Blanks T. Mind, Body, and Soul: Body Shop Book of Wellbeing. Ebury Press. London, 1998.

Reynolds T, Dweck AC.  J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 68: 3–37. 

Boudreau MD, Beland FA.  Rev. 2006; 24(1): 103–54. 

Molazem Z, Mohseni F, Younesi M, Keshavarzi S. Glob J Health Sci. 2014; 7(1): 203–9. 

Paulsen E, Korsholm L, Brandrup F.  J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005; 19(3): 326–31. 

Panahi Y, Sharif MR, Sharif A, Beiraghdar F, Zahiri Z, Amirchoopani G, et al.  Scientific World Journal. 2012; 2012: 810234. 

Reuter J, Jocher A, Stump J, Grossjohann B, Franke G, Schempp CM. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2008; 21(2): 106–110. 

Bhattacharya M, Kaur I, Kumar B. J Dermatol. 2000; 27: 576–82. 

Rajar UD, Majeed R, Parveen N, Sheikh I, Sushel C. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008; 18(10): 612–4. 

Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, Habara N, Nomaquchi K, Yamada M, et al. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006; 29(7): 1418–22. 

Tanaka M, Misawa E, Yamauchi K, Abe F, Ishizaki C. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2015; 8: 95–104.

West DP, Zhu YF.  Am J Infect Control. 2003; 31(1): 40–2.

Fisher GJ, Kang S, Varani J, Bata-Csorgo Z, Wan Y, Datta S, et al. Arch Dermatol. 2002; 138(11): 1462–70. 

Cho S, Lee S, Lee MJ, Lee DH, Won CH, Kim SM, et al.  Ann Dermatol. 2009; 21(1): 6–11. 

Tatakis DN, Kumar PS.  Dent Clin North Am. 2005; 49(3): 491–516. 

Gupta S, Jawanda MK. Indian J Dermatol. 2015; 60(3): 222–229. 

Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Zhou X, Walsh LJ, Bigby M. Clin Dermatol. 2000; 18: 533–9. 

Choonhakarn C, Busaracome P, Sripanidkulchai B, Sarakarn P.  Br J Dermatol. 2008; 158(3): 573–7. 

Salazar-Sánchez N, López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Sánchez-Siles M.  2010; 39(10): 735–40. 

Altenburg A, Zouboulis CC. Skin Therapy Lett. 2008; 13(7): 1–4.

Babaee N, Zabihi E, Mohseni S, Moghadamnia AA. Dent Res J. 2012; 9(4): 381–5.

Vangipuram S, Jha A, Bhashyam M. J Clin Exp Dent. 2016; 8(4): e442-e447.

de Oliveira SM, Torres TC, Pereira SL, Mota OM, Carlos MX. J Appl Oral Sci. 2008; 16(4): 293–6. 

Chandrahas B, Jayakumar A, Naveen A, Butchibabu K, Reddy PK, Muralikrishna T. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2012; 16(4): 543–8.

Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007; 36(10): 575–80. 

Sudarshan R, Annigeri RG, SreeVijayabala G.  J Oral Pathol Med. 2012; 41(10): 755–61. 

Scala A, Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Marini I, Giamberardino MA. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003; 14(4): 275–91. 

López-Jornet P, Camacho-Alonso F, Molino-Pagan D. J Oral Pathol Med. 2013; 42(4): 295–301. 

Saha L. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(22): 6759–73. 

Davis K, Philpott S, Kumar D, Mendall M.  Int J Clin Pract. 2006; 60(9): 1080–6. 

Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, Holt H, Tsironi E, De Silva A, et al.  Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004; 19(7): 739–47. 

Ryan JL. J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132(3): 985–93. 

Haddad P, Amouzgar-Hashemi F, Samsami S, Chinichian S, Oghabian MA. Curr Oncol. 2013; 20(4): e345–8. 

Puataweepong P, Dhanachai M, Dangprasert S, Sithatani C, Sawangsilp T, NarkwongL, et al. Asian Biomed. 2009; 3(4): 375–82.

Merchant TE, Bosley C, Smith J, Baratti P, Pritchard D, Davis T, et al. Radiat Oncol. 2007; 2: 45. 

Mansouri P, Haghighi M, Beheshtipour N, Ramzi M.  Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016; 4(2): 119–26.

Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H.  Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(5): 1047–53. 

Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Bunyapraphatsara N, Chokechaijaroenporn O. Phytomedicine. 1996; 3(3): 241–3. 

Yagi A, Hegazy S, Kabbash A, Wahab EA.  Saudi Pharm J. 2009; 17(3): 209–15. 

Tanzer JM, Livingston J, Thompson AM.  J Dent Educ. 2001; 65(10): 1028–37.

Bhati N, Jaidka S, Somani R.  J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015; 5(5): 394–9.

Prabhakkar AR, Karuna YM, Yavagal C, Deepak BM.  Contemp Clin Dent. 2015; 6(1): S24–31.

Ånséhn, S. 1990.  Swed. J. Biol. Med. 2:5-8.

Arweiler, N. B., N. Donos, L. Netuschil, E. Reich, and A. Sculean. 2000.  Clin. Oral Investig. 4:70-73.

Aspres, N., and S. Freeman. 2003. Exogenous Dermatol. 2:258-261.

Banes-Marshall, L., P. Cawley, and C. A. Phillips. 2001. Br. J. Biomed. Sci. 58:139-145.

Bassett, I. B., D. L. Pannowitz, and R. S. Barnetson. 1990.  Med. J. Aust. 153:455-458.

Beylier, M. F. 1979.  Perfum. Flavourist 4:23-25.

Biju, S. S., A. Ahuja, R. K. Khar, and R. Chaudhry. 2005.  Pharmazie 60:208-211.

Bischoff, K., and F. Guale. 1998. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 10:208-210.

Bishop, C. D. 1995.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 7:641-644.

Blackwell, A. L. 1991. Lancet 337:300.

Blackwell, R. 1991.  Br. J. Phytother. 2:26-30.

Bourne, K. Z., N. Bourne, S. F. Reising, and L. R. Stanberry. 1999.  Antiviral Res. 42:219-226.

Brand, C., M. A. Grimbaldeston, J. R. Gamble, J. Drew, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002.  Inflamm. Res. 51:236-244.

Brand, C., S. L. Townley, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002. Inflamm. Res. 51:283-289.

Buck, D. S., D. M. Nidorf, and J. G. Addino. 1994.  J. Fam. Pract. 38:601-605.

Caelli, M., J. Porteous, C. F. Carson, R. Heller, and T. V. Riley. 2000. J. Hosp. Infect. 46:236-237.

Caldefie-Chézet, F., M. Guerry, J. C. Chalchat, C. Fusillier, M. P. Vasson, and J. Guillot. 2004. Res. 38:805-811.

Carson, C. F., L. Ashton, L. Dry, D. W. Smith, and T. V. Riley. 2001. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48:450-451.

Carson, C. F., B. D. Cookson, H. D. Farrelly, and T. V. Riley. 1995.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 35:421-424.

Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. 1995.  Microbios 82:181-185.

Carson, C. F., K. A. Hammer, and T. V. Riley. 1996. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 37:1177-1178.

Carson, C. F., B. J. Mee, and T. V. Riley. 2002.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48:1914-1920. [PMC free article]

Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1993. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 16:49-55.

Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1995. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 78:264-269.

Carson, C. F., and T. V. Riley. 1994.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 19:24-25.

Cassella, S., J. P. Cassella, and I. Smith. 2002.  Int. J. Aromather. 12:2-15.

Chan, C. H., and K. W. Loudon. 1998.  J. Hosp. Infect. 39:244-245.

Chand, S., I. Lusunzi, D. A. Veal, L. R. Williams, and P. Caruso. 1994. J. Antibiot. 47:1295-1304.

Chao, S. C., D. G. Young, and C. J. Oberg. 2000.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 12:639-649.

Christoph, F., P. M. Kaulfers, and E. Stahl-Biskup. 2000. Planta Med. 66:556-560.

Christoph, F., P. M. Kaulfers, and E. Stahl-Biskup. 2001.  Planta Med. 67:768-771.

Christoph, F., E. Stahl-Biskup, and P. M. Kaulfers. 2001.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 13:98-102.

Cox, S. D., J. E. Gustafson, C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, Y. C. Liew, R. P. Hartland, H. C. Bell, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 1998.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:355-358.

Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, H. C. Bell, J. E. Gustafson, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 2000. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88:170-175.

Cox, S. D., C. M. Mann, J. L. Markham, J. E. Gustafson, J. R. Warmington, and S. G. Wyllie. 2001.  Molecules 6:87-91.

D’Auria, F. D., L. Laino, V. Strippoli, M. Tecca, G. Salvatore, L. Battinelli, and G. Mazzanti. 2001. J. Chemother. 13:377-383.

Davis, A., J. O’Leary, A. Muthaiyan, M. Langevin, A. Delgado, A. Abalos, A. Fajardo, J. Marek, B. Wilkinson, and J. Gustafson. 2005. J. Appl. Microbiol. 98:364-372. [PMC free article]

De Groot, A. C., and J. W. Weyland. 1992.  Contact Dermatitis 27:279-280.

Dryden, M. S., S. Dailly, and M. Crouch. 2004.  J. Hosp. Infect. 56:283-286.

Elsom, G. K. F., and D. Hide. 1999.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43:427-428.

Ergin, A., and S. Arikan. 2002.  J. Chemother. 14:465-472.

Feinblatt, H. M. 1960.  J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 52:32-34. [PMC free article]

Griffin, S. G., S. G. Wyllie, J. L. Markham, and D. N. Leach. 1999. Flav. Fragr. J. 14:322-332.

Groppo, F. C., J. C. Ramacciato, R. P. Simoes, F. M. Florio, and A. Sartoratto. 2002. Int. Dent. J. 52:433-437.

Gustafson, J. E., S. D. Cox, Y. C. Liew, S. G. Wyllie, and J. R. Warmington. 2001. Pathology 33:211-215.

Gustafson, J. E., Y. C. Liew, S. Chew, J. Markham, H. C. Bell, S. G. Wyllie, and J. R. Warmington. 1998. Effects of tea tree oil on Escherichia coli. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 26:194-198.

Hada, T., S. Furuse, Y. Matsumoto, H. Hamashima, K. Masuda, K. Shiojima, T. Arai, and M. Sasatsu. 2001. Microbios 106(Suppl. 2):133-141.

Hada, T., Y. Inoue, A. Shiraishi, and H. Hamashima. 2003. J. Microbiol. Methods 53:309-312.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2003.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 95:853-860.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2004.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 53:1081-1085.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2000.   Chemother. 44:467-469. [PMC free article]

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2002.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 50:195-199.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1999.  Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43:196. [PMC free article]

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1999.  J. Appl. Microbiol. 86:446-452.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1998. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 42:591-595.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2000.  Med. Mycol. 38:355-362.

Hammer, K. A., C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 1996. Am. J. Infect. Control 24:186-189.

Hammer, K. A., L. Dry, M. Johnson, E. M. Michalak, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2003. Immunol. 18:389-392.

Hart, P. H., C. Brand, C. F. Carson, T. V. Riley, R. H. Prager, and J. J. Finlay-Jones. 2000.  Inflamm. Res. 49:619-626.

Hausen, B. M., J. Reichling, and M. Harkenthal. 1999.  Am. J. Contact Dermatitis 10:68-77.

Humphery, E. M. 1930.Med. J. Aust. 1:417-418.

Inouye, S., T. Takizawa, and H. Yamaguchi. 2001. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47:565-573.

Inouye, S., T. Tsuruoka, M. Watanabe, K. Takeo, M. Akao, Y. Nishiyama, and H. Yamaguchi. 2000. Mycoses 43:17-23.

Inouye, S., K. Uchida, and H. Yamaguchi. 2001. Mycoses 44:99-107.

Inouye, S., M. Watanabe, Y. Nishiyama, K. Takeo, M. Akao, and H. Yamaguchi. 1998.  Mycoses 41:403-410.

Jackson, R. W., and J. A. DeMoss. 1965.  J. Bacteriol. 90:1420-1424. [PMC free article]

Jandourek, A., J. K. Vaishampayan, and J. A. Vazquez. 1998. AIDS 12:1033-1037.

Khalil, Z., A. L Pearce, N. Satkunanathan, E. Storer, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. Hart. 2004.  J. Investig. Dermatol. 123:683-690.

Klimmek, J. K., R. Nowicki, K. Szendzielorz, M. Kunicka, R. Rosentrit, G. Honisz, and W. Krol. 2002.  Mikol. Lekarska 9:93-96.

Knight, T. E., and B. M. Hausen. 1994.  J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 30:423-427.

Koh, K. J., A. L. Pearce, G. Marshman, J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2002. Br. J. Dermatol. 147:1212-1217.

Low, D., B. D. Rawal, and W. J. Griffin. 1974.  Planta Med. 26:184-189.

Maruzzella, J. C., and N. A. Sicurella. 1960. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 49:692-694.

May, J., C. H. Chan, A. King, L. Williams, and G. L. French. 2000. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:639-643.

Messager, S., K. A. Hammer, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2005. J. Hosp. Infect. 59:113-125.

Messager, S., K. A. Hammer, C. F. Carson, and T. V. Riley. 2005.  J. Hosp. Infect. 59:220-228.

Minami, M., M. Kita, T. Nakaya, T. Yamamoto, H. Kuriyama, and J. Imanishi. 2003. Microbiol. Immunol. 47:681-684.

Mondello, F., F. De Bernardis, A. Girolamo, G. Salvatore, and A. Cassone. 2003. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51:1223-1229.

Morris, M. C., A. Donoghue, J. A. Markowitz, and K. C. Osterhoudt. 2003.  Pediatr. Emerg. Care 19:169-171.

Murtagh, J. G. 1999. vol. 9. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Nelson, R. R. S. 2000.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45:549-550.

Nelson, R. R. S. 1997.  J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40:305-306.

Nenoff, P., U.-F. Haustein, and W. Brandt. 1996. Skin Pharmacol. 9:388-394.

Oliva, B., E. Piccirilli, T. Ceddia, E. Pontieri, P. Aureli, and A. Ferrini. 2003.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 37:185-187.

Pearce, A., J. J. Finlay-Jones, and P. H. Hart. 2005.  Inflamm. Res. 54:22-30.

Peña, E. F. 1962.  Obstet. Gynecol. 19:793-795.

Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1925.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 59:346-349.

Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1923.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 57:80-89.

Penfold, A. R., and R. Grant. 1924.  J. R. Soc. New South Wales 58:117-123.

Raman, A., U. Weir, and S. F. Bloomfield. 1995.  Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 21:242-245.

Reichling, J., A. Weseler, U. Landvatter, and R. Saller. 2002. Acta Phytotherapeutica 1:26-32.

Rushton, R. T., N. W. Davis, J. C. Page, and C. A. Durkin. 1997.Lower Extremity 4:113-116.

Russell, M. 1999. Toxicology of tea tree oil, p. 191-201. In I. Southwell and R. Lowe (ed.), Tea tree: the genus Melaleuca, vol. 9. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Satchell, A. C., A. Saurajen, C. Bell, and R. S. Barnetson. 2002. Australas. J. Dematol. 43:175-178.

Schnitzler, P., K. Schön, and J. Reichling. 2001.  Pharmazie 56:343-347.

Shapiro, S., A. Meier, and B. Guggenheim. 1994.  Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 9:202-208.

Shemesh, A., and W. L. Mayo. 1991.  Aust. J. Pharm. 72:802-803.

Sherry, E., H. Boeck, and P. H. Warnke. 2001.  Am. J. Infect. Control 29:346.

Shin, S. 2003. B. Arch. Pharmacol. Res. 26:389-393.

Soukoulis, S., and R. Hirsch. 2004.  Aust. Dent. J. 49:78-83.

Southwell, I. A., A. J. Hayes, J. Markham, and D. N. Leach. 1993. Acta Hort. 344:256-265.

Southwell, I. A., S. Freeman, and D. Rubel. 1997.  J. Essent. Oil Res. 9:47-52.

Syed, T. A., Z. A. Qureshi, S. M. Ali, S. Ahmad, and S. A. Ahmad. 1999. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4:284-287.

Takarada, K. 2005. Oral Dis. 11:115.

Tong, M. M., P. M. Altman, and R. S. Barnetson. 1992.  Aust. J. Dermatol. 33:145-149.

Uribe, S., J. Ramirez, and A. Peña. 1985.  J. Bacteriol. 161:1195-1200. [PMC free article]

Vazquez, J. A., M. T. Arganoza, D. Boikov, J. K. Vaishampayan, and R. A. Akins. 2000. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 17:60-63.

Vazquez, J. A., and A. A. Zawawi. 2002.  HIV Clin. Trials 3:379-385.

Walker, M. 1972. Curr. Podiatry 1972:7-15.

Walsh, L. J., and J. Longstaff. 1987. Periodontology 8:11-15.

Warnke, P. H., E. Sherry, P. A. Russo, M. Sprengel, Y. Acil, J. P. Bredee, S. Schubert, J. Wiltfang, and I. Springer. 2005. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:1588-1589.

Williams, L. R., V. N. Home, and I. Lusunzi. 1993. Cosmet. Aerosols Toiletries Aust. 7:25-34.